Objectives for Genetics

______G1. Define gene, allele and genome. _______

______G2. Define genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, codominant alleles, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, carrier and test cross. _______

______G3. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of a monohybrid cross using a Punnett grid (square). _______

______ G4. State that some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles). _______

______ G5. Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance and multiple alleles. _______

______ G6. Explain how the sex is determined in humans. _______

______ G7. State that some genes are present on the X chromosome and absent from the shorter Y chromosome in humans.

______ G8. Define sex linkage. ______

______G9. Explain how scientists can use crossover frequency to determine the position of alleles on a chromosome _______.

______ G10. Describe the inheritance of colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex linkage. _______

_____ G11. Explain that female carriers are heterozygous for X-linked recessive alleles. _____

_____ G12. Deduce the genotypes and phenotypes of individuals in pedigree charts. _______

______G13. Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle-cell anemia. ________

Variations on Mendel

Use the slides below to help you complete pages 4-7 in your guided notes packet on Mendel & Meiosis.

Genetic Disorders and Variations on Mendel's Principles from ilanasaxe

 This is due next class (Friday for C period, Saturday for D period).

Classical Genetics & Meiosis Test

Today both classes had a test on classical genetics and meiosis.  Tomorrow we will be extracting DNA from strawberries.  This can be a bit messy and the strawberry juice will stain your clothes, so it's best to to wear clothes can get dirty.

Nondisjunction Disorders

Today students did a jigsaw activity to learn about six different types of nondisjunction disorders:
* Down Syndrome
* Edward's Syndrome
* Patau Syndrome
* Klinefelter Syndrome
* Turner Syndrome
* XYY Syndrome

Karyotype of a female with Trisomy 21 from Nature.ca

For homework, complete the vocabulary self evaluation on page 12 of your packet.

Below is a graph for the incidence of Down Syndrome relative to the age of the mother during pregnancy.

Read more about Down Syndrome testing in this New York Times article.

Baby Dragons!

C period made baby dragons today in class.  G period will do this activity on Thursday.

C period - answer the questions on the last page of the packet (use a separate sheet of paper to write your answers).  You also need to draw your dragon.  Each person should draw his/her own dragon.

G period - read about TSD in the post below and answer the questions.

Gene Linkage, Sex Chromosomes and Mutations

Today (or tomorrow for G period) we worked on pages 7-9 of the packet.  However, not all species have sex chromosomes.  We talked about sex determination in wasps and tonight for homework, you will learn about the effects that temperature can play on sex determination.

1. Read this article from Davidson.edu on temperature dependent sex determination

2. Answer the following questions:

a. What is the difference between GSD and ESD?

b. What is TSD?

c. Do humans exhibit GSD or ESD?

d. Give two examples of organisms which lack sex chromosomes.

e. What are the two patterns of TSD?

f. Global temperatures have been rising.  What effects could this have on crocodilians and some species of turtles?

Photo Credit Here

Meoisis I

Today we started to learn about Meiosis.

Homework:

Draw the stages of Meiosis II.  Make sure to label the centrioles in at least one picture.  Draw these pictures at the top of page 7 in your packet.

http://images.tutorvista.com/content/cell-reproduction/meiosisii-stage.jpeg

Homework for Friday

G period - complete the vocab for pages 1 - 4.

Both classes:

Read and take notes on section 11-4 in your book (starting on page 275) for a reading quiz.  Focus on the key concepts and vocabulary.  To help focus your notes, consider answering the section assessment questions on page 278.   NOTE:  Drawings of the stages of meiosis are NOT required for the reading quiz.  We will be doing an activity in class on Friday where we work with the stages of meiosis and spend time drawing them.

Still struggling? Sing along to the Meiosis Square Dance Video!

Variations on Mendel

G period:
Today we completed page 3 in the packet and learned about test crosses and pedigrees.  Spoiler Alert!  If you haven't seen the last Harry Potter movie, this pedigree will ruin the end for you.

It's not very efficient to draw complete portraits for a pedigree.  Instead scientists uses symbols (circles or squares) and shade them in to designate if an individual is affected, unaffected or a carrier.

G Period Homework - Read the post below for information on amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.


C period:
Today we completed page 5 in the packet and learned about variations on Mendel's principles: incomplete dominance, codominance, pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance.

C period homework:  Read section 11-4 (starting on page 275) and take notes for a reading quiz.  Keep the main points of the reading in mind.  You do not need to draw the stages of meiosis, we will do an activity for this in class.

Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling

C period - please read over the information below.  Also, in the space at the bottom on page 4 in the packet write out all of the vocabulary you have seen in pages 1-4.

Genetic Testing & Counseling -
We will touch more on this topic later on, but for now you should be aware of two types of tests that can be done during pregnancy to look for genetic disorders.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is the removal of a small piece of tissue (chorionic villi) from the uterus during early pregnancy to screen the baby for genetic defects.

These two tests are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.

Welcome Back to Genetics!

Today we completed pages 1 & 2 of the Mendelian Genetics Packet.  C period complete the following problems for class on Tuesday.  G period complete the problems for Wednesday.

Today we started chapter 11. Below are your homework problems. You do not need to write out the problems, just the answers.


A. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO)

1. AA ____ 2. Bb ____ 3. Cc ____ 4. Dd ____

5. Ee ____ 6. ff ____ 7. GG ____ 8. HH ____

B. For each of the genotypes below, determine the phenotype.
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers
9. PP ___________________________
10. Pp ___________________________
11. pp ___________________________
Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes
12. BB ___________________________
13. Bb ___________________________
14. bb ___________________________

C. For each phenotype, list the genotypes.
(Remember to use the letter of the dominant trait)

Straight hair is dominant to curly. 15. ____________ straight 16. ____________ straight 17. ____________ curlyPointed heads are dominant to round heads. 18. ____________ pointed 19. ____________ pointed 20. ____________ round

D. Set up the square for each of the crosses listed below.
The trait being studied is round seeds (dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)

21. Rr x rr 22. What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________
23. Rr x Rr24. What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________
25. RR x Rr26. What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________

E. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant).
What percentage of the offspring will be tall? ___________

Dragon Genetics

Today students made baby dragons using four autosomes and sex chromosomes. For homework you need to draw your dragon: you can either cut out the dragon pieces at the back of the packet or draw the dragon yourself.

EACH PERSON MAKE MAKE HIS/HER OWN DRAGON.

You also need to answer the questions at the end of the packet (you can see the questions below, click the picture to make the questions larger).

Meiosis & an Update

UPDATED: Instead of a quiz on Tuesday on Chapter 11, you will have a test on Chapter 11 on Friday. Your packet and the worksheets you have been given are your study guide.

Need a reminder about meiosis, watch the Meiosis Square Dance below.



Homework: You have been emailed the Dragon Genetics Lab. Read through the ENTIRE lab. You will have a five question prelab quiz on the lab. You may take notes to use on the quiz. I will have printed copies of the lab for you to use in class.

Variations on Mendel's Principles

Today students had a reading quiz on section 11.3 and we learned about variations on Mendel's principles.

There is a substantial amount of vocabulary in this chapter and in order to successfully solve the problems, you need to be able to understand the questions. Below is a list of the vocab and concepts we have covered so far.

homologous chromosomes gene allele gene locus (loci) geneotype phenotype Autosomal dominant disorder Incomplete dominance Heterozygous Test Cross Monohybrid cross Dominant Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment P, F1, F2 etc. generations

Pleiotropy Recessive Pedigree chart Codominance Autosomal recessive disorder Homozygous Genotypic Ratio Polygenic trait Carrier Sex-linked traits Genetic Disorders Chorionic Villus Sampling Achondroplasia Probability Phenotypic Ratio

On Friday we will be starting Meiosis and learning more about crossing over and the importance of genetic variation. On Monday we will do a 'dry lab' and make baby dragons.

Since you have already had to read section 11.4, there is no homework for Friday. However, you would benefit from re-reading the section if you were confused.

Test Crosses & Pedigrees

Homework: Read sections 11.3 and 11.4. You will have a reading quiz. For this reading quiz, you do NOT need to do all of the drawings for meiosis, but you should take notes on the broad concepts and be able to identify the differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Starting Genetics

Today we started chapter 11. Below are your homework problems. You do not need to write out the problems, just the answers.

A. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO)

1. AA ____ 2. Bb ____ 3. Cc ____ 4. Dd ____

5. Ee ____ 6. ff ____ 7. GG ____ 8. HH ____

B. For each of the genotypes below, determine the phenotype.

Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers
9. PP ___________________________
10. Pp ___________________________
11. pp ___________________________

Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes
12. BB ___________________________
13. Bb ___________________________
14. bb ___________________________

C. For each phenotype, list the genotypes.

(Remember to use the letter of the dominant trait)

Straight hair is dominant to curly. 15. ____________ straight 16. ____________ straight 17. ____________ curly Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. 18. ____________ pointed 19. ____________ pointed 20. ____________ round

D. Set up the square for each of the crosses listed below.

The trait being studied is round seeds (dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)

21. Rr x rr 22. What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________
23. Rr x Rr 24. What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________
25. RR x Rr 26. What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________

E. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant).
What percentage of the offspring will be tall? ___________

Genetically Modified Foods

How do you think scientists create genetically modified organisms? Even if you have no idea, write something down, THINK CREATIVELY!

2. We are going to watch an animation on Recombinant DNA technology. The questions that follow relate to this animation.

a. What is a vector?

b. What is a plasmid?

c. What are restriction enzymes?

d. What are the “sticky ends” of the gene segments? Use a drawing in your answer.

e. What is a transgenic plant?

3. What do you think are some of the benefits of transgenic organisms (T.O) (list at least 4)

4. What do you think are some of the controversies surrounding T.O.’s (list at least 4)

5. Video Monsanto: How does this make you feel about GMOs/TOs? Write at least 4 sentences.

Video India: How does this make you feel about GMOs/TOs? Write at least 4 sentences.

7. Video: The Future of Food Intro. What are three things you learned from this video clip?

Homework: Find an article on genetically modified foods. This article must be from 2007 to the present. Complete the article summary sheet.

Places to look for articles include: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/

www.sciencedaily.com

www.bbc.co.uk

www.npr.org

Gene Linkage and Nondisjunction

What's a karyotype? What happens when homologous pairs don't split evenly during anaphase 1? How can scientists determine how close together genes are on a chromosome?

These are just a few of the questions we answered yesterday and today.
Homework: study for the test tomorrow. You can pick up your quizzes on the class door after school today.

Variations on Mendel's Principles

Today we expanded on Mendel's principles and looked at:

Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Polygenic inheritance
Environmental effects on phenotypes

Remember to study for your quiz on Monday!

Dragon Genetics

Students created their very own dragons to see how Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment work.

On Friday the following analysis questions are due, as well as drawings of each dragons.

1. How does dropping the stick on the table and transcribing the letters on the sides facing up follow Mendel’s Law of Segregation? [First state the law.]

2. Explain how dropping the green, orange, and red sticks illustrates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment? [First state the law.]

3. The gene for fangs is recessive, yet most of the dragons have fangs. How can this happen? [Hint. The gene that causes dwarfism (achondroplasia) in humans is dominant.]

4. What is the sex of your baby?

5. What traits are sex-linked? [First define “sex-linked”.]

6. Identify any gene deletions or inversions in the chromosomes you have.

7a. What traits are more likely to be found in males? [Consider sex-linked,

sex-influenced and sex-limited traits.]

7b. How might these be an advantage to this sex? [Be creative in your answers.]

8a. What traits are more likely to be found in females?

8b. How might these be an advantage to this sex?

This lab comes Brynmawr.